Detecting embedded rebar in cement mortar by frequency-difference electrical resistance tomography

Different conditions of shear forces and turbulence at the site of thrombus formation can result in clots rich in platelets or red blood cells or fibrin etc (Molina C.A.,2005) (Singh P et al., 2013). Impedance spectroscopy can be used to characterize clots (Bera TK, 2014). But it is disadvantaged due to noise from electrical components and requires a compensation protocol. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) is used for load measurement in compensation protocol as (a) soldering known resistor is difficult, (b) PBS conductivity (hence impedance) is close to that of blood. Characterizing load (PBS) spectrum with regards to its electrical properties is thus important.